Jastrun właściwy (łac. Leucanthemum vulgare)

 

Jastrun zwyczajny = Złocień właściwy = jastrun wczesny (Leucanthemum vulgare (Vail.) Lam. = Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) 

Rodzina: Asteraceae (Compositae)

Występowanie:  Europa, Turcja, Kaukaz, Ameryka Płn. (gat. inwazyjny w USA, Kanadzie, Indiach, Australii i Nowej Zelandii);

Synonimy: Leucanthemum vulgare var. vulgare, Chrysanthemum vulgare, Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) Rydb., Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. subpinnatifidum Fernald;

Nazwy ludowe:  jastrun wczesny, margaretka, margerytka, margeretka, talerze, stokrotka wole oko, sirirgozu;

Właściwości (Properties):

przeciwskurczowe (antispasmodic), przeciwkaszlowe (antitussive), napotne (diaphoretic), moczopędne (diuretic), pobudzające miesiączkowanie (emmenagogue), wzmacniające (tonic), przyspieszające gojenie ran (vulnerary)

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⌬ Fitochemia:

Części roślin: Ziele (Herba); Kwiat (Flos); Liść (Folium);


Flawonoidy (flavonoids): apigenin, acacetin, and apigenin 7-glucuronide, acacetin 7-diglucuronide, apigenin 7-glucuronide, kaempferol 5-glucoside, kaempferol 5-glucuronide, luteolin 7-glucuronide, quercetin 5-glucoside, quercetin 5-glucuronide, quercetin 7-glucoside, and quercetin 7-glucuronide (Williams et al. 2011), cyclitol L-leucanthemitol (Plouvier 1963), apigenin, cosmosiine, apigenin 7-O-β−D-glucuronide, vitexin, rutin, hyperin, quercetin, luteolin, isorhamnetin, chrysin 7-O-β−D-glucuronide, chrysin (Sagareishvili 2000);

Metylosterole (methylsterols) (4 c.): 24-ethylidenelophenol (Sagareishvili 2000);

Alkaloidy pirolizydynowe (pyrrolizidine alkaloids): platiphylline, senecionine (Sagareishvili 2000);

Olejek eteryczny (ethereal oil) (21 c. - 0,50%): 1,8-cineole (1.20%), verbenly acetate (6.08%), lavandulyl acetate (20.63%), M-isopropoxy aniliene (5.14%), α-terpineol (3.33%), α-amorphene (1.47%), neryl acetate (1.42%), caryophyllene oxide (3.34% ), α-cadinol (10.52%), torreyol (3.03%), β-guaiene (2.17%), β-eudesmol (10.13 %), caryophyllenol-II (1.22 %) and β-spathulenol (1.56%) (Duman & Ozcan 2017);

Glikozyd (glycoside): nivyaside (Sagareishvili et al. 1982)


🔬 Papers:

The role of lipophilic and polar flavonoids in the classification of temperate members of the Anthemideae. Williams, C. A., Greenham, J. and Harborne, J. B. 2001. . Biochem. System. Ecol.

Abstract: Lipophilic and vacuolar flavonoids were separately identified in representative temperate species of the genera Anthemis, Chrysanthemum, Cotula, Ismelia, Leucanthemum and Tripleurospermum. The four Anthemis species investigated variously produced four main surface constituents, in leaf and flower: santin, quercetagetin 3,6,3'-trimethyl ether, scutellarein 6,4'-dimethyl ether and 6-hydroxyluteolin 6,3'-dimethyl ether. By contrast, surface extracts of disc and ray florets of the species of Chrysanthemum, Cotula, Ismelia, Leucanthemum and Tripleurospermum surveyed yielded five common flavones in the free state: apigenin, luteolin, acacetin, apigenin 7-methyl ether and chrysoeriol. Polar flavonoids were isolated and identified in leaf, ray floret and disc floret of all the above plants. Anthemis species were distinctive in having flavonol glycosides in the leaves, whereas the leaf flavonoids of the other taxa were generally flavone O-glycosides. The 3-glucoside and 3-rutinoside of patuletin were characterised for the first time from Anthemis tinctoria ssp. subtinctoria. Two new flavonol glycosides, the 5-glucuronides of quercetin and kaempferol, were obtained from the leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare, where they co-occur with the related 5-glucosides and with several flavone glycosides. The ray florets of these Anthemideae generally contain apigenin and/or luteolin 7-glucoside and 7-glucuronide, whereas disc florets have additional flavonol glycosides, notably the 7-glucosides of quercetin and patuletin and the 7-glucuronide of quercetin. A comparison of the flavonoid pattern encountered here with those previously recorded for Tanacetum indicate some chemical affinity between Anthemis and Tanacetum. Flavonoid patterns of the other five genera are more distinct from those of Tanacetum and suggest that those genera form a related group. All 14 species surveyed for their flavonoid profiles have distinctive constituents and the chemical data are in harmony with modern taxonomic treatments of the "Chrysanthemum complex" as a series of separate genera.

Alkaloids of Leucanthemum vulgare. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. Sagareishvili, T. G. 2000.

Abstract: Field daisy flowers l_z, ucanthemmn valgare Lam. (Compositae) growing in Georgia were rich in flavonoids. We have previously isolated from the flowers apigenin, cosmosiine, apigenin 7-O-[3-D-glucuronide, and vitexin; from other parts of the flowers, rutin, hyperin, quercetin, luteolin, isorhamnetin, chrysin 7-O-[3-D-glucuronide, and chrysin [1-4]. The petroleum-ether extract of the flower heads yielded 4-methylsterols, the principal one of which was 24-ethylidenelophenol [5]. In continuation of the phytochemical investigation of this plant, we isolated from the flowers pyrrolizidine alkaloids and choline. Alkaloids were extracted by H2SO 4 ( 10%1 from the CHCI 3 extract obtained after basicifying separately the flower parts. The acid extract was washed with ether, basicified to pH 9.0, and extracted with ether. The solution was evaporated. The solid was repeatedly recrystallized from acetone. Thus, two compounds were obtained from the flowers. They give positive reactions for alkaloids. The physicochemical constants of the ftr~ of them correspond fully with platiphylline l{mp 125-126 C, soluble in CHCI 3 and alcohol, [0~]D 20 --45r (C 2.0, CHC13), Xrn:t~ 217 nm}; the second, to senecionine 2 {rap 230-232 C, soluble in CHCI 3 and alcohol, [c~]D 2~ -56 (c 2.0; CHCI3), )~.,a,~ (MeOH) 218 nm} [6, 7]. A pure compound that gives a Dragendorff reaction was isolated from the alcohol (80%) extract of the flowers after purification by CHCI 3 and separation on an A1203 column with elution by CHCI 3 and CHCI3-CH3OH with a constantly increasing CH3OH concentration, These colorless crystals dissolve in water, CH3OH, and ethanol. The picrate has mp 250252 C; reineckate, 248-251 C. A sample mixed with authentic choline gives one inseparable spot on TLC and paper chromatography. This compound was characterized as choline [8]. 

The Chemical Composition of Achillea wilhelmsii, Leucanthemum vulgare and Thymus citriodorus Essential Oils. Erman Duman & Mehmet Musa Özcan. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, Volume 20, 2017.

Abstract: The current study investigated the chemical composition of the essential oils from air-dried parts of Achillea wilhelmsii, Leucanthemum vulgare and Thymus citriodorus. In the case of A. wilhelmsii, L. vulgare and T. citriodorus, 20, 21 and 22 compounds were identified representing 90 %, 91 % and 92 % of the total oils with yields of 1.20 %, 0.50 % and 0.85 %, respectively. The main components of A. wilhelmsii oil were 1.8-cineole (15.43 %), o-cymene (19.56 %), chrysanthenone (0.88 %), camphor (6.36 %), borneol (1.09 %), carvenone oxide (1.84 %), α-terpinene (19.30 %) and piperitone (26.93 %). L. vulgare oil contained 1,8-cineole (1.20 %), verbenly acetate (6.08 %), lavandulyl acetate (20.63 %), M-isopropoxy aniliene (5.14 %), α-terpineol (3.33 %), α-amorphene (1.47 %), neryl acetate (1.42 %), caryophyllene oxide (3.34 % ), α-cadinol (10.52 %), torreyol (3.03 %),, β-guaiene (2.17 %), β-eudesmol (10.13 %), caryophyllenol-II (1.22 %) and β-spathulenol (1.56 %). The main components of Thymus citriodorus were 1.8-cineole (1.14 %), 3-octanane (2.66 %), 3-octanol (1.83 %), linalool (1.02 %), caryophyllene (2.19 %), Z-citral (29.20 %), borneol L (4.94 %), nerol (5.61 %), geraniol (38.53 %) and caryophyllene oxide (1.58 %). 

Nivyaside — A new glycoside from Leucanthemum vulgare. T. G. Sagareishvili. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 18(4):408-412· July 1982.

Abstract: From the ligulate flowers ofLeucanthemum vulgare Lam. growing on the territory of the Georgian SSR a new glycoside has been isolated which has been called nivyaside and has the structure 8-(1-α-D-glucopyranosyl-5-deoxyquercit-5-yl)-4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone.

Distribution of aliphatic polyols and cyclitols. Plouvier, V. 1963. Pages 313–336 in T. Swain, ed. Chemical plant taxonomy. Academic Press, London, UK.


⚖ Zastosowanie:

Jest to pospolita roślina jadalna i lecznicza. Rzadko używana w oficjalnym lecznictwie. Ze względu na obecność alkaloidów pirolizydynowych (toksycznych dla wątroby), nie zaleca się ich dłuższego stosowania wewnętrznego. Młode, wiosenne liście dodawano do sałatek w formie surowej lub gotowanej. Nadają potrawom gorzkawy smak.

Używana powszechnie w średniowiecznej medycynie. Lubiana przez szlachtę oraz chłopów (Mitich 2000), co poskutkowało nadaniu jej licznych nazw zwyczajowych na świecie, a także jej ornamentalne oraz ozdobne użycie (Tzvelev 1995; Holm et al. 1997; Olson & Wallander 1999). Napary z L. vulgare polecane były na zaburzenia wewnątrz organizmu, a także zewnętrznie aplikowane na rany i obrzęki (le Strange 1977). Świeże liście układane na podłogach w czasach średniowiecznych, działały jako środek odstraszający pchły. Stosowane wewnętrznie wyciągi z L. vulgare były cenione jako środek przeciwskurczowy, moczopędny i wzmacniający. W Anglii ustabilizowało się efektywne użycie wyciągów z L. vulgare na łzawiące oczy, cholerę i wrzody (Culpeper 1953). Dawniej zielarze dość powszechnie zalecali napary z L. vulgare do leczenia astmy, uporczywy kaszel i podniecenie nerwowe, a zewnętrznie w formie okładów na owrzodzenia i obrzęki (le Strange 1977). Młode liście okazyjnie dodawane są do sałatek (le Strange 1977), a 100 g liści L. vulgare zawiera ponad 500 jednostek witaminy A (Zennie & Ogzewalla 1977). 

Zbierany zazwyczaj w maju i czerwcu. Suszony do późniejszego użytkowania. Zewnętrznie używany na obrzęki, stłuczenia, rany, owrzodzenia i niektóre skórne schorzenia (Grieve 1984; Chiej 1984). Odwar z suszonych kwiatów i łodyg używano do obmywania spękanych dłoni (Moerman 1998). Woda destylowana na bazie kwiatów L. vulgare okazywała się skutecznym środkiem na zapalenie spojówek (Chiej 1984). 

W obszarach o dużej populacji L. vulgare, roślina ta znacząco wpływa na podtrzymywanie ekosystemu. Pająki używają jej często jako miejsce polowań (Morse 1999). Jest to również jeden z gatunków, którego nasiona chętnie używane są przy sianiu łąk kwietnych, jako roślina orna (Spearman et al. 2000). Kwiaty przyciągają wiele pożytecznych dorosłych owadów bzykowatych, których larwy żerują na mszycach (Weiss and Stettmer 1991). Kwiaty L. vulgare nie są z kolei atrakcyjnym źródłem nektaru dla pasożytniczych os Pimpla turionellae L. (Wäckers et al. 1996). Sproszkowane kwiaty L. vulgare dodane do zbóż w ilości 2% są skutecznym środkiem przeciwko Sitophilus granarius L. oraz S. oryzae L. (Ignatowicz 1998). Roślina słabo toleruje ciężkie metale, dlatego sukcesywnie używa się jej do monitorowania poziomów Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr i Cd wzdłuż mocno obciążonych ruchem autostrad we Włoszech (Badino et al. 1998).

🔬 Papers:

Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.), the white-flowered gold flower. Mitich, L. W. 2000. Weed Technol. 14: 659–662.
Abstract: Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.), a European perennial, was brought to North America as an ornamental. The plant is still grown in decorative gardens and it is one parent of ‘Shasta’ daisy (Holm et al. 1997). Tradition says that the oxeye daisy crept out of Massachusetts Governor Endicott's garden between Tuesdays, and claimed the whole nation in two centuries (Haughton 1978). It also arrived as a contaminant in imported hay and grain seeds (Haughton 1978). Oxeye daisy escaped cultivation and also spread quite readily from agricultural activities to become an aggressive competitor. It often forms thick patches, especially in cattle-grazed areas, reducing hay or forage production (Olson and Wallander 1999). Consequently, oxeye daisy has been declared a noxious weed in many areas (Holm et al. 1997). It is found throughout most of the United States and north into southern Canada from Labrador to British Columbia (USDA 1970).

Leucanthemum Mill. Tzvelev, N. N. 1995. Pages 162–169 in B. K. Shishkin and E. G. Bobrov, eds. Flora of the U.S.S.R. Volume 26.

World weeds: natural histories and distribution. Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. and Herberger, J. 1997. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 1129 pp.

Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Olson, B. E. and Wallander, R. T. 1999. Oxeye daisy. Pages 282–289. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.

A history of herbal plants. le Strange, R. 1977. Arco Publishing, New York, NY. 304 pp.

Culpeper’s complete herbal. Culpeper, N. 1953. W. Foulsham, New York, NY. 430 pp.

Ascorbic acid and vitamin A content of edible wild plants of Ohio and Kentucky. Zennie, T. M. and Ogzewalla C. D. 1977. Econ. Bot. 31: 76–79.

Modern Herbal. Grieve. A. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9

Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. Chiej. R. MacDonald 1984 ISBN 0-356-10541-5

Native American Ethnobotany. Moerman. D. Timber Press. Oregon. 1998 ISBN 0-88192-453-9

Choice of hunting site as a consequence of experience in late-instar crab spiders. Morse, D. H. 1999. Oecologia 120: 252–257.
Abstract: Earlier experiences may play an important role in the choice of hunting sites, but their effects on the foraging repertoire of most animals remain poorly understood. I tested the role of previous flower choices (hunting sites) by penultimate-instar female crab spiders Misumena vatia in making subsequent patch-choice decisions. M. vatia is a sit-and-wait predator, and the two flower species used, ox-eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and common buttercup Ranunculus acris, are important hunting sites. Spiders with different immediate experience showed similar short-term (<1 day) giving-up times on the two flower species, independent of their previous substrate. However, four-fifths of the individuals that remained a day or longer tended to leave buttercups sooner than daisies, especially if they had previously occupied daisies. Thus they may directly assess the quality of a potential hunting site, perhaps in response to prey abundance, but previous experience may play a minor role as well. Of spiders that made several consecutive choices of hunting sites, those on daisies often confined these runs to daisies (one of two years); those on buttercups did not exhibit comparable fidelity. Spiders molting into the adult stage almost always subsequently chose the same flower species (either daisy or buttercup) as the one on which they molted. Thus, juvenile experiences may influence adults, the critical stage when virtually all of the spiders' reproductive resources are gathered, even if this resulted from imprinting on their molt sites rather than carrying information over the molt. 

The use of microscale field mapping in a study of the ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare L.) as a component of wild flower meadows. Spearman, P. J., Alexander, R. W. and Brodie, I. D. S. 2000. Pages 41–52 in R. W. Alexander A. C. and Millington, eds. Vegetation mapping: From patch to planet. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. 339 pp.

Weeds in agricultural ecosystems attract flower-visiting beneficial insects. Weiss, E. and Stettmer, C. 1991. Agrarökologie 1, 104 pp.

A comparison of flowering herbs with respect to their nectar accessibility for the parasitoid Pimpla turionellae. Wäckers, F. L., Bjoernsen, A. and Dorn, S. 1996. Proc. Sect. Exp. Appl. Entomol. Neth. Entomol. Soc. (N. E. V.) 7: 177–182. LINK

Powdered herbs of the daisy family (Compositae) as repellents or attractants for the grain weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.), and the rice weevil, S. oryzae (L.). Ignatowicz, S. 1998. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University SGGW, Horticulture (Landscape Architecture): 15–28.

Biomonitoring method for mountain areas, design aspects and results. Badino, G., Gulmini, M., Ostacoli, G., Zelano, V., Magri, G., Scannerini, S., Baker, A., Charlwood, B. V., Damiano, C., Franz, C. and Gianinazzi, S. 1998. Acta Hortic. 457: 29–36.
Abstract: In 1994 a pilot area was prepared at Avigliana (Susa Valley, Italy) in order to standardize an active biomonitoring method using local higher plant species as bioindicators of the heavy metal fall-out along the A32 motorway (SITAF spa). In 1995 and 1996 six herbaceous plant species (Anthyllis vulneraria L., Artemisia absinthium L., Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Festuca rubra L., Holcus lanatus L., Taraxacum officinale Web.) were exposed to the traffic pollution in plots located at: 7, 25, 44 and 60 m from the motorway border; their metal concentrations were then determined after one, three and five months of exposure. Control levels for the metal concentrations in the considered species were also assessed by analysing the plants before exposure and specimens raised under controlled conditions. Additionally, the metal accumulation capability of selected earthworms was investigated by feeding them on exposed plants coming from the monitoring area. Data obtained show that Pb and Zn present the more consistent and significant trend correlating with a decrease of heavy metal concentration from motorway border plots to those located at 60 m, especially for Taraxacum officinale, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and Holcus lanatus. A seasonal increase in metal concentrations was significant for all the species and the metals considered and maximum values were found in November. The ecotoxicological tests implemented under lab conditions using earthworms showed a transfer of heavy metals along the food chain during the first 74 days of treatment; between day 74 and 152 the earthworms were able to perform some kind of detoxification process.  

The biology of Canadian weeds. 128. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. D. R. Clements, J. King, A. McClay 2004. Canadian Journal of Plants Science. LINK
Abstract: Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Asteraceae), known as ox-eye daisy, is a familiar perennial herb with white ray florets and yellow disc florets. It commonly inhabits roadside verges, pastures and old fields from Newfoundland to British Columbia, and also as far north as the Yukon Territory. Introduced from Europe, L. vulgare was well established in North America by 1800. The Canadian distribution of L. vulgare has expanded in many areas recently, particularly in western Canada. It can form dense populations that may reduce diversity of natural vegetation or pasture quality, and also serves as a host and reservoir for several species of polyphagous gall-forming Meloidogyne nematodes that feed on crops. It is considered a noxious weed under provincial legislation in Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, as well as under the Canada Seeds Act. Control efforts are sometimes complicated by difficulties in distinguishing ox-eye daisy from some forms of the commercially available Shasta daisy (L. x superbum).   


▨ Etnomedyczne zastosowanie:

Turcja: środek ściągający, nieżyt dróg oddechowych, moczopędny, wymiotny, pobudzający miesiączkowanie, nocne poty, krztusiec, skurcz, wzmacniający (Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. Codex Vegetabilis);

Wlk. Brytania (Walia): środek antynowotworowy (Uphof, J.C. Th. 1968. Dictionary of economic plants. 2nd ed. Verlag von J. Cramer.);